Europe is leading the world in the regulation of digital platforms with its trio of laws: The Digital Markets Act (DMA), Digital Services Act (DSA), and EU AI Act. The EU AI Act was published in the Official Journal of the EU on 12 July 2024 and is due to enter into force from 1 August 2024, imposing stringent obligations for risky AI systems that could pose a threat to fundamental rights, health, and safety. The DMA and DSA, on the other hand, are more mature; the Digital Markets Act (DMA) entered into force on 1 November 2022 and establishes rules for digital gatekeepers to ensure market competitiveness and fairness and prevent monopolies, while the Digital Services Act entered into force shortly after on 16 November 2022 and enforces transparency and accountability obligations for online platforms. With designated gatekeepers required to comply with the DMA from 7 March 2024, the European Commission has already initiated compliance investigations into these gatekeepers, demonstrating a commitment to cracking down on unfair digital market practices.

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